Teachers and parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman & Scott, 1999) to measure emotional and behavioural difficulties, data was used to divide the children into high and low risk categories.
Hazan and Shaver (1987).
The Love Quiz measured attitudes towards the participants’ “most important romantic relationship” – data was used to classify participants into one of three adult attachment types. The quiz also measured recall of parenting experiences.
Malone et al. (2016)
Used the Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage 1988) to assess symptoms in older adults in a longitudinal study used to support Erikson stages of psychosocial development.
Ashdown and Bernard
Teachers completed the ACER Well-being Survey (Bernard et al. 2009) before and after the YCDI programme to measure positive and negative emotions, resilience, coping skills and values. They also completed the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) (Gresham and Elliot 1990) to measure social skills, problem behaviours and academic competence.
Ding et al.
Mothers completed The Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) (Liu et al. 2003) to measure behavioural problems including aggression and vandalism.
Interviews
Study
Type of interview and other methods
Purpose
O’Connor et al. (2013)
Semi-structured
An interviewer interviewed children at their school using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (Green, Stanley, Smith, & Goldwyn, 2000). Dolls were used to help the child to discuss scenarios such as hurting your knee or getting lost.
Piaget
Piaget combined structured interviewing and semi-structured interviewing to collect data from children of different ages. This technique has been referred to as semi-clinical. As the data from children of different ages is compared, the main method is a cross-sectional study.
Three mountains study – Children were asked what the doll/teddy could see and had to select the correct picture.
Conservation tasks – Children were asked questions like “Are there the same number of buttons in each line? Now, are there the same number of buttons in each line or does one line have more?”
Class inclusion – Children were asked questions like “Are there more butterflies or more bees?” followed by “Are there more butterflies or insects?”
Bowlby (1944)
Used clinical interviewing to diagnose the children. As above, groups of children were compared so the overall method was an experiment.
Clinical interviews were performed by a social worker and also by Bowlby himself. Both mothers and children were interviewed about the child’s mental health and events during infancy, e.g. separations.
Ainsworth (1967)
Type of interview not identified but they were part of a qualitative ethnographic study
Ainsworth interviewed mothers extensively in their own homes and identified three themes which contributed attachment security, including the amount of detail shared in the interview.
Cassibba et al. (2013).
A meta-analysis of other studies using semi-structured interviews.
The studies mainly used the Adult Attachment Interview (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy 1985) or a similar to classify adult attachment type.
Rapport a positive connection between two people which can affect the quality of the data gathered within an interview; a good rapport leads to more open communication and more credible findings.
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